![]() One of his best-known students was Ernest Rutherford, who succeeded Thomson as Cavendish Professor of Physics. Seven of his research assistants, as well as his own son, went on to win the Nobel Prize in Physics. Thomson's greatest contribution to science to be his role as a teacher. Thomson published an important monograph in 1913 urging the use of the mass spectrograph in chemical analysis. His atomic theory helped explain atomic bonding and the structure of molecules. Thomson was closely aligned with chemists of the time.These experiments led to the development of the mass spectrograph. Thomson also investigated the nature of positively-charged particles.The son, Sir George Paget Thomson, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1937. In 1890, Thomson married one of his students, Rose Elisabeth Paget.So, Joseph John attended Owens College in Manchester, and then Trinity College in Cambridge, where he became a mathematical physicist. to be an engineer, but the family did not have the funds to support the apprenticeship. In 1906, Thomson demonstrated a hydrogen atom had only a single electron.Thomson discovered the natural radioactivity of potassium in 1905.Thomson's master's work, Treatise on the motion of vortex rings, provides a mathematical description of William Thomson's vortex theory of atoms.Thomson called the particle he discovered 'corpuscles' rather than electrons.Prior to Thomson's discovery of electrons, scientists believed the atom was the smallest fundamental unit of matter.He also had the great pleasure of seeing several of his close associates receive their own Nobel Prizes, including Rutherford in chemistry (1908) and Aston in chemistry (1922). Thomson received various honors, including the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906 and a knighthood in 1908. In 1913 Thomson published an influential monograph urging chemists to use the mass spectrograph in their analyses. His nonmathematical atomic theory-unlike early quantum theory-could also be used to account for chemical bonding and molecular structure (see Gilbert Newton Lewis and Irving Langmuir). Of all the physicists associated with determining the structure of the atom, Thomson remained most closely aligned to the chemical community. He was a good lecturer, encouraged his students, and devoted considerable attention to the wider problems of science teaching at university and secondary levels. Scientists had now established that the atom was not indivisible as Dalton had believed, and due to the work of Thomson, Millikan, and others, the charge and mass of the negative. Who Was Ernest Rutherford A pioneer of nuclear physics and the first to split the atom, Ernest Rutherford was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his theory of atomic structure. They bombarded very thin sheets of gold foil with fast moving alpha particles. Even though he was clumsy with his hands, he had a genius for designing apparatus and diagnosing its problems. In 1911, Rutherford and coworkers Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden initiated a series of groundbreaking experiments that would completely change the accepted model of the atom. ![]() In 1884 he was named to the prestigious Cavendish Professorship of Experimental Physics at Cambridge, although he had personally done very little experimental work. He was then recommended to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he became a mathematical physicist. Instead young Thomson attended Owens College, Manchester, which had an excellent science faculty. ![]() His father intended him to be an engineer, which in those days required an apprenticeship, but his family could not raise the necessary fee. Ironically, Thomson-great scientist and physics mentor-became a physicist by default. ![]() His assistant, Francis Aston, developed Thomson’s instrument further and with the improved version was able to discover isotopes-atoms of the same element with different atomic weights-in a large number of nonradioactive elements. Here his techniques led to the development of the mass spectrograph. Thomson’s last important experimental program focused on determining the nature of positively charged particles. His efforts to estimate the number of electrons in an atom from measurements of the scattering of light, X, beta, and gamma rays initiated the research trajectory along which his student Ernest Rutherford moved. In 1904 Thomson suggested a model of the atom as a sphere of positive matter in which electrons are positioned by electrostatic forces. Structure of the Atom and Mass Spectrography ![]()
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